V angličtině používáme pasivní stranu, když chceme zdůraznit určitou činnost, nikoli to, kdo ji vykonává (to ani nemusíme vědět).
Jste připraveni na rychlou lekci anglické gramatiky?
Pasivní hlas v angličtině – stavba věty
Konstrukce pasivní strany je poměrně jednoduchá, i když záleží na tom, v jakém čase chcete větu konstruovat. Základem je:
TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Pokud přesto chceme doplnit informaci o tom, kdo činnost vykonává, můžeme ji doplnit na konec věty: by [person].
Pasivní hlas v čase Present Simple
V čase Present Simple je stavba věty následující:
SUBJEKT + IS/ARE + PAST PARTICIPLE
| AKTIVNÍ HLAS | PASIVNÍ HLAS |
| He writes books. | Books are written. |
| I repair the car once a year. | The car is repaired once a year. |
| She cooks beetroot soup once a week. | Beetroot soup is cooked once a week. |
| They lock the shop every day at 10 p.m. | The shop is locked every day at 10 p.m. |
Pasivní hlas v čase Present Continuous
Pasivní stránka v anglickém přítomném čase průběhovém je konstruována:
SUBJEKT + IS/ARE BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE
| AKTIVNÍ HLAS | PASIVNÍ HLAS |
| The police is checking the building. | The building is being checked by the police. |
| He is writing a book. | A book is being written. |
| They are doing their homework. | Their homework is being done. |
| Lucy is cleaning a fridge now. | A fridge is being cleaned now. |
Pasivní hlas v čase Present Perfect
Pasivní vedlejší věta v přítomném čase dokonavém:
SUBJEKT + HAVE/HAS BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE
| AKTIVNÍ HLAS | PASIVNÍ HLAS |
| They have done it. | It has been done. |
| He has destroyed his car. | His car has been destroyed. |
| They have built this bridge since March. | This bridge has been built since March. |
| He has written a book. | A book has been written. |
Pasivní hlas v čase Past Simple
Minulý čas prostý, neboli simple past, má také svou vlastní konstrukci pro pasivní stránku.
SUBJEKT + WAS/WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE
| AKTIVNÍ HLAS | PASIVNÍ HLAS |
| My parents bought a new computer last week. | A new computer was bought last week. |
| He accepted the gift. | The gift was accepted by him. |
| They made the coffee. | The coffee was made. |
| Mom cooked dinner yesterday. | Dinner was cooked yesterday. |
Pasivní hlas v čase Past Continuous
Konstrukce pasivní strany v minulém čase průběhovém:
SUBJEKT + WAS/WERE BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE
| AKTIVNÍ HLAS | PASIVNÍ HLAS |
| The police were investigating the suspect. | The suspect was being investigated by the police. |
| He was writing a book. | A book was being written. |
| I was reading a gripping novel. | A gripping novel was being read. |
| They were eating dinner when I came. | Dinner was being eaten when I came. |
Pasivní hlas v čase Czas Past Perfect
Pravděpodobně znáte minulý čas průběhový. Ale víte, jak se v něm tvoří minulý čas? Podívejte se na to!
SUBJEKT + HAD BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE
| AKTIVNÍ HLAS | PASIVNÍ HLAS |
| He had written a book. | A book had been written. |
| The young terrorist had occupied the post office. | The post office had been occupied. |
| They had found the money. | The money had been found. |
| Mom had cooked dinner before we came home. | Dinner had been cooked before we came home. |
Pasivní hlas v čase Future Simple
Dalším časem, ve kterém můžeme použít minulý čas, je čas budoucí prostý. Jak vypadá věta v tomto čase?
SUBJEKT + WILL BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
| AKTIVNÍ HLAS | PASIVNÍ HLAS |
| I will write the letter immediately. | The letter will be written immediately. |
| Mom will cook dinner. | Dinner will be cooked by mom. |
| I will do it. | It will be done. |
| He will write a book. | A book will be written. |
Pasivní hlas v čase Future Perfect
Poslední čas, jehož stavbu stojí za to si zapamatovat. Jak vypadá minulý čas v budoucím perfektu?
SUBJEKT + WILL HAVE BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE
| AKTIVNÍ HLAS | PASIVNÍ HLAS |
| We will have painted the room by the end of the week. | The room will have been painted by the end of the week. |
| He will have written a book. | A book will have been written. |
| Mom will have cooked dinner by 12 o’clock. | Dinner will have been cooked by 12 o’clock. |
| He will have repaired our fence. | Our fence will have been repaired by him. |
Přečtěte si také: Idiomy, phrasal verbs. Co je co?
Pasivní hlas a modální slovesa
Chcete-li vytvořit minulý čas s modálním slovesem, přidejte nesklonný tvar to be i III. tvar slovesa.
- The letter must be written in English.
- You may not be given another chance.
- It can be done.
- Their dog should be taken to a vet
Chceme-li vytvořit větu s modálním slovesem, ale v minulém čase, přidáme ke slovesu have been i III. tvar slovesa.
- She may not have been informed.
- This essay could have been written much better.
- She might have been poisoned.
- The application should have been submitted earlier.
