{"id":6882,"date":"2025-09-15T16:59:41","date_gmt":"2025-09-15T15:59:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/?p=6882"},"modified":"2025-09-16T20:00:58","modified_gmt":"2025-09-16T19:00:58","slug":"relative-clauses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/relative-clauses\/","title":{"rendered":"Relative clauses | WSZYSTKO o zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych \ud83c\udfaf"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Relative clauses <\/strong>brzmi jak czarna magia? Dobrze to rozumiemy. W ko\u0144cu kiedy zaczynasz m\u00f3wi\u0107 po angielsku, na pocz\u0105tku wszystko jest proste: <em>I like coffee<\/em>. <em>She likes tea<\/em>. Zero filozofii. Ale je\u015bli chcesz brzmie\u0107 naturalnie, to pr\u0119dzej czy p\u00f3\u017aniej musisz trafi\u0107 w\u0142a\u015bnie na <strong>relative clauses, czyli zdania wzgl\u0119dne<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To w\u0142a\u015bnie one sprawiaj\u0105, \u017ce Twoje zdania nie brzmi\u0105 jak kartki wyrwane z pami\u0119tnika pierwszoklasisty, tylko jak p\u0142ynna, logiczna wypowied\u017a. \ud83d\ude07<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I teraz najlepsze: relative clauses<strong> wcale nie s\u0105 takie straszne<\/strong>. Jasne, do zapami\u0119tania jest kilka zasad, s\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cne zaimki (chocia\u017c czasem nawet mo\u017cna co\u015b opu\u015bci\u0107&#8230;). Ale gdy ju\u017c je ogarniesz, poczujesz, \u017ce angielski robi si\u0119 du\u017co bardziej mi\u0119kki i elastyczny. To co, zaczynamy?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relative clauses: co to?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"zasada\"><strong>Relative clauses<\/strong>, czyli <strong>zdania wzgl\u0119dne <\/strong>w j\u0119zyku angielskim, to zdania podrz\u0119dnie z\u0142o\u017cone, kt\u00f3re zawieraj\u0105 dodatkow\u0105 informacj\u0119 na temat osoby, rzeczy, czasu lub miejsca. Dzi\u0119ki nim mo\u017cemy rozwin\u0105\u0107 wypowied\u017a i <strong>unikn\u0105\u0107 powtarzania<\/strong> kilku kr\u00f3tkich zda\u0144.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>W j\u0119zyku polskim <strong>posiadamy t\u0119 sam\u0105 struktur\u0119<\/strong>. Tylko popatrz na poni\u017cszy przyk\u0142ad i jego t\u0142umaczenie:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>This is the boy <strong>who<\/strong> lives next door.<\/em><br>To jest ch\u0142opak, <strong>kt\u00f3ry<\/strong> mieszka obok mnie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Czyli mo\u017cna powiedzie\u0107, \u017ce relative clauses pe\u0142ni\u0105 rol\u0119 \u201edopowiedze\u0144\u201d \u2013 bo pozwalaj\u0105 opisa\u0107 co\u015b dok\u0142adniej i naturalniej, <strong>bez rozbijania tekstu na oddzielne, sztywne zdania<\/strong>. Inaczej musieliby\u015bmy powiedzie\u0107: \u201eTo jest ch\u0142opak. On mieszka obok mnie\u201d. Przyznaj, \u017ce \u2013 mo\u017ce opr\u00f3cz kilkuletnich dzieci \u2013 nikt tak nie m\u00f3wi!<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f9bac36e1fc&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f9bac36e1fc\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img onload=\"this.setAttribute('data-loaded', true)\"  width=\"760\" height=\"368\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-2-760x368.jpg\" alt=\"relative clauses: co to?\" class=\"wp-image-6914\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-2-760x368.jpg 760w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-2-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-2-768x372.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-2-360x175.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-2-480x233.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-2.jpg 825w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Powi\u0119ksz\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defining and non defining relative clauses: zdania wzgl\u0119dne okre\u015blaj\u0105ce i nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A teraz chwila skupienia, bo mowa o bardzo wa\u017cnej rzeczy: relative clauses dzielimy na <strong>dwa g\u0142\u00f3wne typy<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"#defining\">Defining relative clauses (okre\u015blaj\u0105ce)<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"#nondefining\">Non-defining relative clauses (nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce)<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Brzmi skomplikowanie? Spokojnie, to wina tych d\u0142ugich nazw! <strong>R\u00f3\u017cnica jest prosta<\/strong>: jedne s\u0105 absolutnie konieczne, \u017ceby zdanie mia\u0142o sens, a drugie to raczej ciekawostka albo dopowiedzenie. Przyjrzyjmy si\u0119 im dok\u0142adniej, bo to podzia\u0142, kt\u00f3ry naprawd\u0119 warto rozumie\u0107. \ud83d\ude4c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"defining\">Defining relative clauses: zdania wzgl\u0119dne okre\u015blaj\u0105ce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"zasada\"><strong>Defining relative clauses<\/strong> to zdania wzgl\u0119dne, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 <strong>niezb\u0119dne do zrozumienia sensu wypowiedzi<\/strong>. Okre\u015blaj\u0105 dok\u0142adnie, o kim lub o czym m\u00f3wimy \u2013 bez nich zdanie by\u0142oby niepe\u0142ne albo zbyt og\u00f3lne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2600\ufe0f <strong>Najwa\u017cniejsze zasady:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>brak przecink\u00f3w, bo zdanie wzgl\u0119dne jest integraln\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 ca\u0142o\u015bci,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cz\u0119sto mo\u017cna u\u017cy\u0107 <em>that<\/em> zamiast <em>who<\/em> albo <em>which<\/em>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>gdy zaimek jest dope\u0142nieniem, mo\u017cna go pomin\u0105\u0107 (np. <em>The book (that) I read<\/em>\u2026).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u017beby lepiej wyja\u015bni\u0107 Ci ten typ, przygotowali\u015bmy <strong>dwa przyk\u0142ady zda\u0144 <\/strong>z prawdziwego \u017cycia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>The students who study hard usually pass the exam.<\/em><br>Studenci, kt\u00f3rzy pilnie si\u0119 ucz\u0105, zazwyczaj zdaj\u0105 egzamin.<br>\u2192 <strong>Tu bez zdania wzgl\u0119dnego nie wiadomo, o kt\u00f3rych student\u00f3w chodzi.<\/strong><br><br><em>The movie that we watched yesterday was really scary.<\/em><br>Film, kt\u00f3ry ogl\u0105dali\u015bmy wczoraj, by\u0142 naprawd\u0119 straszny.<br>\u2192  <strong>Okre\u015blamy konkretny film, a nie jakikolwiek.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uwaga!<\/strong> W j\u0119zyku polskim zdania wzgl\u0119dne zwykle <strong>oddzielamy przecinkami<\/strong>, nawet je\u015bli pe\u0142ni\u0105 funkcj\u0119 okre\u015blaj\u0105c\u0105. To jedna z g\u0142\u00f3wnych r\u00f3\u017cnic w stosunku do angielskiego:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Czyli po polsku zapiszemy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Moja ciocia, kt\u00f3ra mieszka w Rzymie, przyje\u017cd\u017ca nas odwiedzi\u0107.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A po angielsku:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>My aunt who lives in Rome is coming to visit us.<\/em> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Dlatego zapami\u0119taj, \u017ce w polskim przecinki s\u0105 niemal obowi\u0105zkowe, a w angielskim <strong>tylko w non-defining clauses<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f9bac37115e&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f9bac37115e\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img onload=\"this.setAttribute('data-loaded', true)\"  width=\"760\" height=\"368\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-1-760x368.jpg\" alt=\"osoba zapisuje tras\u0119 swojej nast\u0119pnej podr\u00f3\u017cy, patrz\u0105c na map\u0119 \u015bwiata\" class=\"wp-image-6926\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-1-760x368.jpg 760w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-1-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-1-768x372.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-1-360x175.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-1-480x233.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-1.jpg 825w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Powi\u0119ksz\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"nondefining\">Non-defining relative clauses: zdania wzgl\u0119dne nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"zasada\"><strong>Non-defining relative clauses<\/strong> to zdania wzgl\u0119dne, kt\u00f3re podaj\u0105 <strong>dodatkow\u0105 informacj\u0119<\/strong>, ale <strong>nie s\u0105 kluczowe<\/strong> dla zrozumienia zdania g\u0142\u00f3wnego. Mo\u017cna je usun\u0105\u0107, a zdanie nadal b\u0119dzie sensowne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83c\udf3a <strong>Zasady w pigu\u0142ce:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>zawsze oddzielamy przecinkami (na pi\u015bmie) lub pauz\u0105 w mowie,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>that<\/em> tutaj nie wyst\u0119puje \u2013 u\u017cywamy tylko <em>who<\/em>, <em>which<\/em>, <em>whose<\/em>, czasem <em>where <\/em>lub<em> when<\/em>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u015bwietne do wtr\u0105ce\u0144, ciekawostek, dopowiedze\u0144.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>I znowu, dla lepszego zrozumienia, przygotowali\u015bmy dla Ciebie <strong>kilka przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w<\/strong>. Dzi\u0119ki nim zrozumienie teorii b\u0119dzie \u0142atwiejsze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>My sister, who lives in Spain, is visiting me next week.<\/em><br>Moja siostra, kt\u00f3ra mieszka w Hiszpanii, odwiedzi mnie w przysz\u0142ym tygodniu.<br>\u2192 <strong>Najwa\u017cniejsza informacja to fakt, \u017ce moja siostra mnie odwiedza \u2013 reszta to dodatek.<\/strong><br><br><em>London, which is the capital of the UK, attracts millions of tourists every year.<\/em><br>Londyn, kt\u00f3ry jest stolic\u0105 Wielkiej Brytanii, przyci\u0105ga co roku miliony turyst\u00f3w.<br>\u2192 <strong>Tu dopowiadamy co\u015b, co nie jest niezb\u0119dne, ale wzbogaca zdanie.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f9bac3722e4&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f9bac3722e4\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img onload=\"this.setAttribute('data-loaded', true)\"  width=\"760\" height=\"368\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-4-760x368.jpg\" alt=\"non-defining relative clauses: definicja i przyk\u0142ady\" class=\"wp-image-6928\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-4-760x368.jpg 760w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-4-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-4-768x372.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-4-360x175.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-4-480x233.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-4.jpg 825w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Powi\u0119ksz\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defining and non defining relative clauses: podsumowanie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jedna bardzo wa\u017cna sprawa: w j\u0119zyku angielskim to, czy zdanie wzgl\u0119dne jest defining czy non-defining, <strong>cz\u0119sto zale\u017cy od kontekstu<\/strong>, a nie samej struktury. Je\u015bli potrzebujemy zdania wzgl\u0119dnego, \u017ceby okre\u015bli\u0107, o kim lub o czym m\u00f3wimy, u\u017cywamy defining clause (bez przecink\u00f3w):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>My sister who lives in Bangkok is coming.<\/em> \u2192 okre\u015blamy konkretn\u0105 siostr\u0119 (bo s\u0105 inne).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je\u015bli natomiast zdanie dodaje <strong>tylko dodatkow\u0105 informacj\u0119<\/strong>, kt\u00f3ra nie jest kluczowa dla zidentyfikowania podmiotu, stosujemy non-defining clause (z przecinkami):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>My sister, who lives in Bangkok, is coming.<\/em> \u2192 wszyscy i tak wiedz\u0105, o kt\u00f3r\u0105 siostr\u0119 chodzi, wi\u0119c informacja o mie\u015bcie to dodatek.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f9bac3731da&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f9bac3731da\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img onload=\"this.setAttribute('data-loaded', true)\"  width=\"760\" height=\"368\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-7-760x368.jpg\" alt=\"Defining and non defining relative clauses: podsumowanie\" class=\"wp-image-6965\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-7-760x368.jpg 760w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-7-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-7-768x372.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-7-360x175.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-7-480x233.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-7.jpg 825w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Powi\u0119ksz\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zaimki w relative clauses (<em>who, which, that, whose, whom<\/em>)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u017beby relative clauses mia\u0142y sens, potrzebujemy specjalnych \u201e\u0142\u0105cznik\u00f3w\u201d \u2013 s\u0105 nimi <strong>zaimki wzgl\u0119dne<\/strong> (relative pronouns). To one decyduj\u0105, czy m\u00f3wimy <strong>o osobie, rzeczy, miejscu czy o posiadaniu<\/strong>. Zamiast wi\u0119c \u017conglowa\u0107 zdaniami, wrzucamy zaimek i za jego pomoc\u0105 p\u0142ynnie rozwijamy my\u015bl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Zaimki wzgl\u0119dne<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Kiedy u\u017cywa\u0107?<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Przyk\u0142ad<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>who<\/strong><\/td><td>gdy m\u00f3wimy o osobach w roli podmiotu (kto co\u015b robi)<\/td><td><em>The girl <strong>who<\/strong> called me is my friend.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>whom<\/strong><\/td><td>gdy m\u00f3wimy o osobach w roli dope\u0142nienia (kogo co\u015b dotyczy), g\u0142\u00f3wnie w j\u0119zyku formalnym<\/td><td><em>The man <strong>whom<\/strong> I met was very kind.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>which<\/strong><\/td><td>gdy opisujemy rzeczy albo zwierz\u0119ta<\/td><td><em>The book <strong>which<\/strong> I bought is amazing.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>that<\/strong><\/td><td>uniwersalne \u2013 ma zastosowanie w stosunku do os\u00f3b i rzeczy<\/td><td><em>The movie <strong>that<\/strong> I watched was boring.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>whose<\/strong><\/td><td>gdy chcemy wskaza\u0107 w\u0142a\u015bciciela<\/td><td><em>The woman <strong>whose<\/strong> car broke down is my teacher.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Czyli, podsumowuj\u0105c: zaimki wzgl\u0119dne to specjalna grupa zaimk\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re <strong>s\u0142u\u017c\u0105 do \u0142\u0105czenia zda\u0144<\/strong>. Wprowadzaj\u0105 relative clause i wskazuj\u0105, do czego to zdanie si\u0119 odnosi \u2013 czy m\u00f3wimy o osobie, rzeczy, miejscu, czasie czy posiadaniu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nasza porada:<\/strong> mo\u017cesz wyobrazi\u0107 sobie zaimek wzgl\u0119dny jako <strong>klej<\/strong>, kt\u00f3ry \u0142\u0105czy dwa kr\u00f3tkie zdania w jedn\u0105 p\u0142ynn\u0105 wypowied\u017a. \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Mamy super kompendium wiedzy o zaimkach. Sprawd\u017a! <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/zaimki-angielski\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Zaimki Angielski | Oto 8 NAJWA\u017bNIEJSZYCH pronouns \ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">R\u00f3\u017cnica mi\u0119dzy <em>what<\/em> i <em>which<\/em> w relative clauses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cho\u0107 na pierwszy rzut oka wygl\u0105daj\u0105 podobnie, <em>what<\/em> i <em>which<\/em> wcale nie dzia\u0142aj\u0105 tak samo. <strong>To cz\u0119sty b\u0142\u0105d uczni\u00f3w<\/strong>, dlatego warto jasno oddzieli\u0107 ich funkcje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Which<\/em> \u2013 klasyczny zaimek wzgl\u0119dny<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Odnosi si\u0119 do rzeczy lub zwierz\u0105t, o <strong>kt\u00f3rych ju\u017c co\u015b wiemy albo kt\u00f3re zosta\u0142y wcze\u015bniej wspomniane<\/strong>. Jest jednym z \u201eoficjalnych\u201d relative pronouns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Przyk\u0142ad:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>The story which I heard yesterday is really crazy.<\/em><br>Historia, kt\u00f3r\u0105 us\u0142ysza\u0142am wczoraj, jest naprawd\u0119 szalona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>What<\/em> \u2013 nie jest typowym zaimkiem wzgl\u0119dnym<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>W tym kontek\u015bcie <em>what<\/em> mo\u017cna przet\u0142umaczy\u0107 jako \u201eto, co\u2026\u201d albo \u201eto, czego&#8230;\u201d. Nie odnosi si\u0119 do rzeczownika z wcze\u015bniejszej cz\u0119\u015bci zdania, ale sam pe\u0142ni rol\u0119 rzeczownika i zaimka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Przyk\u0142ad:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>I don\u2019t understand what you mean.<\/em><br>Nie rozumiem, co masz na my\u015bli.<br><br><em>She gave me what I wanted.<\/em><br>Da\u0142a mi to, czego chcia\u0142am.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Najprostsza r\u00f3\u017cnica do zapami\u0119tania<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Which<\/em> = \u201ekt\u00f3ry\/kt\u00f3ra\/kt\u00f3re\u201d (odnosi si\u0119 do konkretnego rzeczownika w zdaniu).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>What<\/em> = \u201eto, co\u201d (samodzielnie niesie znaczenie bez wcze\u015bniejszego rzeczownika).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f9bac375f52&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f9bac375f52\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img onload=\"this.setAttribute('data-loaded', true)\"  width=\"760\" height=\"368\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-6-760x368.jpg\" alt=\"m\u0142ody m\u0119\u017cczyzna robi zdj\u0119cie swoim nowym aparatem\" class=\"wp-image-6979\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-6-760x368.jpg 760w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-6-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-6-768x372.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-6-360x175.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-6-480x233.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-6.jpg 825w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Powi\u0119ksz\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relative clauses: kiedy mo\u017cna u\u017cywa\u0107<em> that<\/em>?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>That <\/em>to taki \u201ejoker w talii\u201d. \ud83d\ude05 W <strong>defining clauses<\/strong> (zdaniach okre\u015blaj\u0105cych) spokojnie<strong> zast\u0119puje <em>who<\/em><\/strong> i <em><strong>which<\/strong><\/em>. Dlatego w mowie codziennej cz\u0119\u015bciej us\u0142yszysz <em>that<\/em> ni\u017c cokolwiek innego:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>The person <strong>that<\/strong> called you is my cousin Terrence.<\/em><br>Osoba, kt\u00f3ra do ciebie zadzwoni\u0142a, to m\u00f3j kuzyn Terrence.<br><br><em>This is the restaurant <strong>that<\/strong> I told you about.<\/em><br>To jest ta restauracja, o kt\u00f3rej ci m\u00f3wi\u0142am.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To musisz zapami\u0119ta\u0107: <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> u\u017cywamy wy\u0142\u0105cznie w <strong>defining relative clauses<\/strong>, czyli tych okre\u015blaj\u0105cych \u2013 bez przecink\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kiedy stosujemy <em>who<\/em>, a kiedy <em>that<\/em> w relative clauses? <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Generalnie <em><strong>who<\/strong><\/em> odnosi si\u0119 do os\u00f3b i jest bardziej \u201eklasyczne\u201d, a <em><strong>that<\/strong><\/em> to lu\u017aniejsza, codzienna alternatywa, kt\u00f3r\u0105 stosujemy w <strong>zdaniach okre\u015blaj\u0105cych (defining clauses)<\/strong>. W praktyce oba s\u0105 poprawne, ale w j\u0119zyku m\u00f3wionym <strong><em>that<\/em> pojawia si\u0119 cz\u0119\u015bciej<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relative clauses: kiedy mo\u017cna opu\u015bci\u0107&nbsp;<em>who,&nbsp;whom,&nbsp;which,&nbsp;that<\/em>?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Czasami w relative clauses zaimek mo\u017cna po prostu pomin\u0105\u0107, bez utraty sensu zdania. Oto zasady w pigu\u0142ce:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. <strong>Zaimek jest dope\u0142nieniem, a nie podmiotem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mo\u017cesz opu\u015bci\u0107 <em>who, whom, which, that<\/em>, je\u015bli pe\u0142ni\u0105 rol\u0119 dope\u0142nienia w zdaniu wzgl\u0119dnym.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Przyk\u0142ad:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\">The book <strong>(<em>which<\/em>)<\/strong> I bought yesterday was amazing.<br>Ksi\u0105\u017cka, kt\u00f3r\u0105 kupi\u0142em wczoraj, by\u0142a niesamowita.<br><br>The man <strong>(<em>whom<\/em>)<\/strong> I met at the party is a musician.<br>M\u0119\u017cczyzna, kt\u00f3rego pozna\u0142em na imprezie, jest muzykiem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>W obu tych przypadkach zaimek pe\u0142ni funkcj\u0119 dope\u0142nienia, wi\u0119c mo\u017cna go spokojnie pomin\u0105\u0107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Nie mo\u017cna pomin\u0105\u0107 zaimka, je\u015bli pe\u0142ni rol\u0119 podmiotu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je\u015bli zaimek jest podmiotem w zdaniu wzgl\u0119dnym, musi zosta\u0107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Na przyk\u0142ad:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>The girl <strong>who<\/strong> lives next door is very friendly.<\/em><br>Dziewczyna, kt\u00f3ra mieszka obok, jest bardzo przyjazna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tutaj <em>who<\/em> jest podmiotem, wi\u0119c nie mo\u017cna go opu\u015bci\u0107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Dotyczy tylko defining relative clauses<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>W non-defining clauses (nieokre\u015blaj\u0105cych) zaimek zawsze musi zosta\u0107, nawet je\u015bli jest dope\u0142nieniem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Czyli np.:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>My cousin, who I met yesterday, is very funny.<\/em><br>M\u00f3j kuzyn, kt\u00f3rego spotka\u0142em wczoraj, jest bardzo zabawny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Inne s\u0142owa kluczowe: <em>when, where, why<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Relative clauses nie ko\u0144cz\u0105 si\u0119 tylko na <em>who<\/em>, <em>which<\/em>, <em>that<\/em>. Angielski ma te\u017c tzw. <strong>relative adverbs<\/strong> \u2013 czyli <strong>przys\u0142\u00f3wki wzgl\u0119dne<\/strong>. Najwa\u017cniejsze z nich to <em><strong>when<\/strong><\/em>, <em><strong>where<\/strong><\/em> i <em><strong>why<\/strong><\/em>. Dzi\u0119ki nim zamiast suchego zdania mo\u017cesz doda\u0107 kontekst zwi\u0105zany z <strong>czasem<\/strong>, <strong>miejscem<\/strong> albo <strong>przyczyn\u0105<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>When <\/em>\u2013 czas<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wprowadza informacj\u0119 o momencie, w kt\u00f3rym co\u015b si\u0119 wydarzy\u0142o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>I still remember the day when we first met.<\/em><br>Wci\u0105\u017c pami\u0119tam dzie\u0144, kiedy spotkali\u015bmy si\u0119 po raz pierwszy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Where<\/em> \u2013 miejsce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Okre\u015bla miejsce, w kt\u00f3rym co\u015b si\u0119 dzieje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>That\u2019s the library where I usually study.<\/em><br>To jest biblioteka, w kt\u00f3rej zwykle si\u0119 ucz\u0119.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Why<\/em> \u2013 pow\u00f3d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U\u017cywamy go, gdy m\u00f3wimy o przyczynie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>Do you know the reason why Sonja left him?<\/em><br>Czy znasz pow\u00f3d, dlaczego Sonja go zostawi\u0142a?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc Warto zapami\u0119ta\u0107: <em>when<\/em>, <em>where<\/em> i <em>why<\/em> dzia\u0142aj\u0105 dok\u0142adnie tak, jak zaimki wzgl\u0119dne \u2013 te\u017c wprowadzaj\u0105 relative clauses, ale zamiast osoby czy rzeczy okre\u015blaj\u0105 <strong>czas, miejsce lub przyczyn\u0119<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f9bac37727b&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f9bac37727b\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img onload=\"this.setAttribute('data-loaded', true)\"  width=\"760\" height=\"368\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-3-760x368.jpg\" alt=\"grupa znajomych rozmawia po angielsku\" class=\"wp-image-6934\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-3-760x368.jpg 760w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-3-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-3-768x372.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-3-360x175.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-3-480x233.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-3.jpg 825w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Powi\u0119ksz\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relative clauses: examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Wiemy, \u017ce <strong>konkretne, \u017cyciowe przyk\u0142ady<\/strong> zawsze robi\u0105 robot\u0119 i bardzo pomagaj\u0105 w nauce. Poni\u017cej znajdziesz <strong>10 r\u00f3\u017cnorodnych zda\u0144 z relative clauses<\/strong>, wykorzystuj\u0105cych r\u00f3\u017cne zaimki wzgl\u0119dne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"przyklad\"><em>This is the caf\u00e9 where J.K. Rowling wrote parts of Harry Potter.<\/em><br>To jest kawiarnia, w kt\u00f3rej J.K. Rowling pisa\u0142a fragmenty Harry\u2019ego Pottera.<br><br><em>Mount Everest, which attracts thousands of climbers every year, is the highest mountain on Earth.<\/em><br>Mount Everest, kt\u00f3ry co roku przyci\u0105ga tysi\u0105ce wspinaczy, jest najwy\u017csz\u0105 g\u00f3r\u0105 na Ziemi.<br><br><em>Yesterday I met Ashley, whom you spoke to at the conference.<\/em><br>Wczoraj spotka\u0142em Ashley, z kt\u00f3r\u0105 rozmawia\u0142e\u015b na konferencji.<br><br><em>The scientist who discovered penicillin was Alexander Fleming.<\/em><br>Naukowcem, kt\u00f3ry odkry\u0142 penicylin\u0119, by\u0142 Alexander Fleming.<br><br><em>Tom, whose sister works at NASA, is really good at physics.<\/em><br>Tom, kt\u00f3rego siostra pracuje w NASA, jest naprawd\u0119 dobry z fizyki.<br><br><em>That\u2019s the park which we visited during our trip to Madrid.<\/em><br>To jest park, kt\u00f3ry odwiedzili\u015bmy podczas naszej wycieczki do Madrytu.<br><br><em>I\u2019ll never forget the summer when we traveled across Italy by train.<\/em><br>Nigdy nie zapomn\u0119 lata, kiedy podr\u00f3\u017cowali\u015bmy poci\u0105giem po W\u0142oszech<br><br><em>The reason why Lola moved to Berlin is still a mystery.<\/em><br>Pow\u00f3d, dla kt\u00f3rego Lola przeprowadzi\u0142a si\u0119 do Berlina, wci\u0105\u017c pozostaje tajemnic\u0105.<br><br><em>My older brother, who lives in Canada, is coming to visit us next month.<\/em><br>M\u00f3j starszy brat, kt\u00f3ry mieszka w Kanadzie, przyje\u017cd\u017ca nas odwiedzi\u0107 w przysz\u0142ym miesi\u0105cu.<br><br><em>The Louvre, which is the most visited museum in the world, is in Paris.<\/em><br>Luwr, kt\u00f3ry jest najcz\u0119\u015bciej odwiedzanym muzeum na \u015bwiecie, znajduje si\u0119 w Pary\u017cu.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f9bac378dfd&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f9bac378dfd\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img onload=\"this.setAttribute('data-loaded', true)\"  width=\"760\" height=\"368\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-5-760x368.jpg\" alt=\"przyk\u0142ady relative clauses\" class=\"wp-image-6932\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-5-760x368.jpg 760w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-5-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-5-768x372.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-5-360x175.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-5-480x233.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/250910-relative-clauses-5.jpg 825w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Powi\u0119ksz\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relative clauses: exercises<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A teraz czas na prze\u0107wiczenie zdobytej wiedzy! Przygotowali\u015bmy <strong>dwa zadania<\/strong>, w kt\u00f3rych mo\u017cesz sprawdzi\u0107, ile si\u0119 nauczy\u0142e\u015b\/a\u015b. \u0106wiczenia s\u0105 <strong>idealne dla poziomu B1<\/strong>, ale skorzysta na nich tak naprawd\u0119 ka\u017cdy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0106wiczenie 1: Uzupe\u0142nij luki <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Wstaw <em>who<\/em>, <em>whom<\/em>, <em>which,<\/em> <em>that<\/em>, <em>whose<\/em>, <em>when<\/em>, <em>where<\/em>, <em>why<\/em> lub pomi\u0144 zaimek, je\u015bli mo\u017cna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The boy <em>_<\/em>__ won the race is my cousin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is the restaurant <em>_<\/em>__ we had dinner last night.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I met Sarah, <em>_<\/em>__ you told me about.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The teacher <em>_<\/em>__ class we attended yesterday was very kind.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you remember the day <em>_<\/em>__ we first met?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>My uncle, <em>_<\/em>__ car was stolen last week, is very upset.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0106wiczenie 2: Po\u0142\u0105cz zdania w jedno, tworz\u0105c relative clause <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>U\u017cyj odpowiedniego relative pronoun lub relative adverb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>I met a woman. She works at Google.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The film was amazing. We watched it yesterday.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joy is my friend. Her brother is a famous chef.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I love the town. I was born there.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lidia didn\u2019t tell me the reason. She left so suddenly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There\u2019s a museum. It attracts thousands of tourists every year.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relative clauses: klucz odpowiedzi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0106wiczenie 1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>who\/that<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>where<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>whom\/who<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>whose<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>when<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>whose<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0106wiczenie 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>I met a woman who works at Google.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The film that\/which we watched yesterday was amazing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joy is my friend whose brother is a famous chef. \/ John, whose brother is a famous chef, is my friend. (w zale\u017cno\u015bci od kontekstu mo\u017ce to by\u0107 defining lub non-defining relative clause)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I love the town where I was born.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lidia didn\u2019t tell me the reason why she left so suddenly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There\u2019s a museum which\/that attracts thousands of tourists every year.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relative clauses: najcz\u0119\u015bciej zadawane pytania<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1757522963381\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Co to s\u0105 zaimki wzgl\u0119dne?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">To s\u0142owa takie jak <em>who, which, that, whose<\/em>, kt\u00f3re wprowadzaj\u0105 zdania wzgl\u0119dne i \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 je z reszt\u0105 wypowiedzi.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1757522943618\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Kiedy <em>which<\/em>, a kiedy <em>whose<\/em>?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><em>Which<\/em> odnosi si\u0119 do rzeczy lub zwierz\u0105t, a <em>whose<\/em> wskazuje posiadacza.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1757523635365\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Jaka jest r\u00f3\u017cnica mi\u0119dzy zaimkiem wzgl\u0119dnym a sp\u00f3jnikiem?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Zaimki wzgl\u0119dne pe\u0142ni\u0105 funkcj\u0119 w zdaniu (np. podmiot, dope\u0142nienie), a sp\u00f3jniki jedynie \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 zdania bez dodatkowej roli.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1757523641384\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Kiedy stosujemy <em>who<\/em>, a kiedy <em>that<\/em>?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><em>Who<\/em> odnosi si\u0119 do os\u00f3b i jest bardziej formalne, a <em>that<\/em> to lu\u017aniejsza alternatywa w defining clauses.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1757523750219\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Czym s\u0105 zdania wzgl\u0119dne okre\u015blaj\u0105ce i nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Okre\u015blaj\u0105ce (defining relative clauses) s\u0105 niezb\u0119dne, \u017ceby zrozumie\u0107 zdanie, a nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce (non-defining relative clauses) dodaj\u0105 tylko dodatkow\u0105 informacj\u0119 i oddzielamy je wtedy przecinkami.<br\/><\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom kksr-disabled\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;6882&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Relative clauses | WSZYSTKO o zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych \ud83c\udfaf&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;142.5&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 142.5px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Relative clauses brzmi jak czarna magia? Dobrze to rozumiemy. W ko\u0144cu kiedy zaczynasz m\u00f3wi\u0107 po angielsku, na pocz\u0105tku wszystko jest&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":6909,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[159],"class_list":["post-6882","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-angielski-gramatyka","tag-nowe"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Relative clauses | WSZYSTKO o zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych \ud83c\udfaf<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Relative clauses to zdania podrz\u0119dne w angielskim, kt\u00f3re dodaj\u0105 informacje o osobie, rzeczy, miejscu lub czasie. \ud83e\udd13 Poznaj ZASADY + PRZYK\u0141ADY\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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to s\u0105 zaimki wzgl\u0119dne?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"To s\u0142owa takie jak <em>who, which, that, whose<\/em>, kt\u00f3re wprowadzaj\u0105 zdania wzgl\u0119dne i \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 je z reszt\u0105 wypowiedzi.","inLanguage":"pl-PL"},"inLanguage":"pl-PL"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/relative-clauses\/#faq-question-1757522943618","position":2,"url":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/relative-clauses\/#faq-question-1757522943618","name":"Kiedy which, a kiedy whose?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<em>Which<\/em> odnosi si\u0119 do rzeczy lub zwierz\u0105t, a <em>whose<\/em> wskazuje posiadacza.","inLanguage":"pl-PL"},"inLanguage":"pl-PL"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/relative-clauses\/#faq-question-1757523635365","position":3,"url":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/relative-clauses\/#faq-question-1757523635365","name":"Jaka jest r\u00f3\u017cnica mi\u0119dzy zaimkiem wzgl\u0119dnym a sp\u00f3jnikiem?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Zaimki wzgl\u0119dne pe\u0142ni\u0105 funkcj\u0119 w zdaniu (np. podmiot, dope\u0142nienie), a sp\u00f3jniki jedynie \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 zdania bez dodatkowej roli.","inLanguage":"pl-PL"},"inLanguage":"pl-PL"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/relative-clauses\/#faq-question-1757523641384","position":4,"url":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/relative-clauses\/#faq-question-1757523641384","name":"Kiedy stosujemy who, a kiedy that?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<em>Who<\/em> odnosi si\u0119 do os\u00f3b i jest bardziej formalne, a <em>that<\/em> to lu\u017aniejsza alternatywa w defining clauses.","inLanguage":"pl-PL"},"inLanguage":"pl-PL"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/relative-clauses\/#faq-question-1757523750219","position":5,"url":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/relative-clauses\/#faq-question-1757523750219","name":"Czym s\u0105 zdania wzgl\u0119dne okre\u015blaj\u0105ce i nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Okre\u015blaj\u0105ce (defining relative clauses) s\u0105 niezb\u0119dne, \u017ceby zrozumie\u0107 zdanie, a nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce (non-defining relative clauses) dodaj\u0105 tylko dodatkow\u0105 informacj\u0119 i oddzielamy je wtedy przecinkami.<br\/>","inLanguage":"pl-PL"},"inLanguage":"pl-PL"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6882","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6882"}],"version-history":[{"count":65,"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6882\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6981,"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6882\/revisions\/6981"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6909"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6882"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6882"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fluentbe.com\/pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6882"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}